Backgrounder: Literature Review of Local, Community or Sub-State Forces in Afghanistan
Kate Clark
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Erica Gaston
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Afghanistan’s history has long been dominated and shaped by the interaction of militias with the state. In the post-2001 era, international actors, sometimes with Afghan state cooperation, have tried to use militias to fill perceived gaps in security. Since 2002, a range of foreign-backed local, hybrid or non-state security forces (LHSFs) have emerged. They include […]
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